The European immigration to Valparaiso in 1848–1914 left a unique imprint on Valparaiso architecture. The promulgation of a new constitution in October 1822, aimed at democratizing the political system and limiting the privileges of the aristocracy, exacerbated the tense situation. The constitution guaranteed bourgeois liberties and placed all executive power in the hands of O’Higgins, the supreme ruler. Because of subsidence of the earth's crust, the Coast Ranges and the central lowlands have been partially submerged, forming the extensive archipelago of S Chile, an area of craggy islands (notably ChiloéChiloé, island (3,241 sq mi/8,394 sq km), a part of Los Lagos region, off S Chile. are the chief population centers. Urban dwellers account for 80.5 percent of the population (1975); 75 percent of them live in the central regions. The air force of 11,000 men is equipped with 50 combat, 60 transport, and about 75 training aircraft, as well as 30 helicopters. a republic in South America, on the Pacific, with a total length of about 4090 km (2650 miles) and an average width of only 177 km (110 miles): gained independence from Spain in 1818; the government of President Allende (elected 1970) attempted the implementation of Marxist policies within a democratic system until overthrown by a military coup (1973); democracy restored 1988. Naval subdivisions include an air force of about 20 airplanes and ten helicopters, a marine brigade, and a coastal artillery. Established in July 1976 as the highest advisory body to the president, the Council of State prepares recommendations on the more important political and economic problems. The war of 1866 between Peru and Spain involved Chile and led the republic to fortify its coast and build a navy. In response, Piñera re-formed his cabinet, and the government rescinded the increase, announced a package of social welfare and other reforms, and enacted legislation that called for a referendum on revising the Pinochet-era constitution. Allende, in an attempt to turn Chile into a socialist state, nationalized many private companies, instituted programs of land reform, and, in foreign affairs, sought closer ties with Communist countries. The food-processing, textile, and leather-footwear branches account for two-thirds of the employees and three-fifths of the output, by value, of the manufacturing industry. The FRAP coalition included not only Communists and Socialists but members of other parties as well. The dances and rituals of the indigenous Indians, containing elements of dramatic action, may be regarded as the germ of Chile’s national theater. The Coliseo Theater opened in Santiago in 1815. In 1980, the constitution, approved by referendum, confirmed Pinochet’s presidency to the end of the 20th century. The climate, which varies from hot desert in the north through Mediterranean-type in the central portion to the cool and humid marine west coast type in the south, is influenced by the cold Peruvian (or Humboldt) Current along the coast of N Chile and by the Andes. Former president Arturo AlessandriAlessandri, Arturo, 1868–1950, president of Chile (1920–25, 1932–38). Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans are the chief crops. V Valparaíso Region boasts a population of 1,790,460 settled in an area of 6,331 square miles. Under pressure from the growing FRAP movement, the law for the defense of democracy was repealed in 1958, and the Communist Party was legalized. 1971); R. Debray, The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Allende (tr. The region accounts for 60 percent of the country’s cattle, 55 percent of the pigs, 30 percent of the goats, 45 percent of the wheat harvest, 85 percent of the rye, and more than 90 percent of the rape. 226,749), capital of Antofagasta region, N Chile, a port on the Pacific Ocean. General characteristics. 1) What is the capital of Chile? In the mid-10th century the Spaniards founded several towns, among them Santiago (1541), Concepción (1550), and Valdivia (1552). For administrative purposes, Chile is divided into 12 regions, which are subdivided into 40 provinces (see Table 1). Rivers and lakes. The Santiago Metropolitan Region has the largest population of all other parts at 7,009,092. From 1916 to 1932 more than 80 full-length films were made, among the best of which were Sienna’s The Clowns Depart (1921), The Wrench of Race (1922), and The Hussar of Death (1925, a historical film about the struggle for national independence); de la Sotta’s The Swallow (1924) and Youth, Love, and Sin (1926); M. Derval’s Why Did This Woman Commit a Crime? Patagonia has no capital city because it’s a geographic space/area in name only and is not a nation, country, or political entity. (1841–51) and Manuel MonttMontt, Manuel, 1809–80, president of Chile (1851–61). Tourism forms the backbone of most Chile cities. In 1974, Pinochet became the undisputed leader of Chile, assuming the position of head of state, and in 1977 he abolished all political parties and restricted human and civil rights. A port on the Pacific, it exports nitrates and ore from the Atacama Desert. The struggle for independence, which gathered momentum under the influence of the victory of the French Revolution, was led by J. The presidential election in 2017 resulted in a second term for Piñera, who easily defeated the center-left candidate Alejandro Guillier in the runoff. Intimate lyrical images distinguish the paintings of E. Barreda and M. Lozano. Copper is the nation's most valuable resource, and Chile is the world's largest producer. There are over 230 registered cities across the country, let’s find out which one is the capital. Between 1971 and 1976 the population grew at an average annual rate of 1.8 percent. Administratively, Chile is divided into 13 regions. Log in Sign up. The political struggle of the late 1960’s was reflected in such progressive films as The Jackal of Nahueltoro (1969, directed by M. Littin) and Three Sad Tigers (1968, directed by R. Ruiz). During the first half of the 20th century two main schools of composition emerged. The barren landscape of the north extends from the coast to the Andes, where snowcapped peaks tower above the desert. Among the many private research institutes and learned societies are the Valparaiso Oceanographic Institute (1945), the Lebu Scientific Institute (1945), which studies the history of the Araucanians, the Chilean Academy (1885, philological studies), the Chilean Academy of Natural Sciences (1926), the Chilean Academy of History (1940), and the Chilean Academy of Sciences (1964). In the southern part of Central Chile dense rain forests (hemihylaea) grow on brown forest volcanic (andosols, trumao) and marshy soils; here the Andes are clothed with beech and coniferous forests and alpine meadows. The total Indian population numbered about 1 million. Fascinating with its modern and natural structure, the city excites tourists with its places to visit from cathedrals to squares and museums. The Communist Party, the Workers’ Federation, and the country’s anarchosyndicalist organizations were outlawed. The leading branches of industry—food processing, textiles, clothing and footwear, and chemicals—are concentrated in Santiago, Valparaiso, and Concepción provinces. Most of the output of the copper-ore and copper-smelting industry is exported; in 1974 such exports totaled 702,000 tons of blister and refined copper and 156,000 tons of copper concentrates. Inasmuch as the national boundary generally follows the watershed, it is primarily the western slopes of the Principal Cordillera of the Andes that face Chile, soaring to 6,880 m on Mount Ojos del Salado. the northern regions (to 32° S lat.) It was a founding member of the Union of South American Nations and the United Nations. In 1975 the per capita gross national product amounted to $691 (in current prices), putting Chile in tenth place among the Latin American countries. The treachery of right-wing socialists caused the Popular Front to collapse in 1941. The daily La Tercera de la Hora, an air force organ issued in Santiago since 1950, has a circulation of 450,000. Decorative painting and sculpture flourished, as well as portraiture and engraving (A. Santelices). Facebook. Some 90 percent of all foreign trade cargo is handled by maritime shipping. The National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research, a state agency founded in 1966 and reorganized in 1969, is responsible for planning scientific and technical policy. The working class became more organized: the Chilean Workers’ Federation was founded in 1909 and the Socialist Workers’ Party in 1912. (who had instituted a program of labor reforms during his tenure from 1920 to 1924, and who commanded widespread popular support) was recalled (1925) as a caretaker until elections were held. Most of the country’s research institutions are located in Santiago. Whereas the rivers in the northern part of Central Chile have winter high water, the rivers of the central regions have two high-water periods, one in winter (rains) and the other in summer (melting snow and ice). Veterinary services. The principal branches of industry are food processing, paper and pulp production, and coal mining. In the subsequent reign of terror unleashed by the junta some 30,000 Chilean patriots perished in the junta’s torture chambers, and another 2,500 persons “disappeared.” The junta nullified the economic gains of the people, returning the land to the latifundistas and enterprises to their former owners and paying compensation to foreign monopolies. Santiago, capital of Chile. Cattle are also raised. Answer. 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