So, how does one bring these communities together? It is worth noting, however, that while structurally driven social, economic, and gendered power imbalances underpin exploitation more generally, they often manifest differently between different forms of exploitation. For example, women and girls are commonly trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced marriage, and domestic work [1, 4], while males appear to be more vulnerable to trafficking into various armed conflicts, and men in Southeast Asia are more likely than women to be recruited for commercial fishing, sometimes referred to as “sea slavery” [15, 16]. In an era in which the value of human labor appears to be systematically degraded and political rhetoric further marginalizes already disregarded migrants and disadvantaged workers, now is a propitious moment to launch, in earnest, global health actions to tackle endemic labor exploitation. Fig 2 depicts factors associated with labor exploitation across a migration process, dimensions of exploitation, and various dimensions of harm. Human trafficking may seem like a distant problem, but we are unwittingly involved any time we buy something made by exploited labor, writes … Because there has been limited theoretical work conducted on labor exploitation and harm, this broad framework is meant to help guide future intervention research and prevention strategies. The database contains more than 45,000 articles from 57 journals, 46 published by the APA and 11 from allied organizations. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437.g001. Provides abstracts of political science articles published in scholarly journals and yearbooks. Additionally, as recruitment processes or networks become more established, they can become a regular labor conduit, potentially feeding people into exploitative situations [40]. Human Trafficking Peer Reviewed Articles. No, Is the Subject Area "Labor economics" applicable to this article? International concerns cover sex and labor slavery, as well as organ and adoption trafficking. The sex trafficking of women has received attention by the U.S. social work profession as a contemporary human-rights abuse. Takala et al. The history of human trafficking and anti-trafficking efforts indicates how human trafficking is a cross-cutting issue and related to prostitution, immigration, labour and organised crime. Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. Irregular or illegal migration status can be used to threaten and coerce workers. All rights reserved. A human rights approach to trafficking means putting victims at the centre of anti-trafficking policies by prioritizing the protection of their rights. The trauma caused by the traffickers can be so great that many may not identify themselves as victims or ask for help, even in highly public settings. The discussion that follows focuses primarily on trafficking of labor migrants and exploitation, but the core features underpinning exploitation, power, control, and abuse, are applicable to other forms of human trafficking (forced sex work, forced marriage, for armed conflict). Slavery and its like have existed for millennia; so have social and economic inequalities. Early discussions about trafficking in persons focused almost solely on sex trafficking of women and girls and drew primarily on law enforcement responses. However, the recent development in terms of defining the menace proved a difficulty that demonstrates continued human exploitation. However, there remains little evidence to demonstrate that human trafficking is caused by information deficits among prospective migrants or about the positive effects of premigration awareness interventions [45]. Yes Household debt can push people to accept extortionate job placement or employment terms and conditions—and, conversely, people may take out loans at difficult repayment rates to fund their migration [49]. Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. Unscrupulous intermediaries are known to use extortion, deception, or coercion to exploit workers or to usher them towards abusive employers [37]. One shorthand description of mentalization is to see yourself from the outside and to see your patient from the inside—that is, to put yourself in the patient’s shoes and imagine how you would see the world if you had lived the life of the patient. 1! nation, drug trafficking will continue to flourish in other regions. No, Is the Subject Area "Global health" applicable to this article? The History of Human Trafficking. Prostitution and sex trafficking are still the focus of many unresolved women’s and human rights issues. PLOS is launching a collection of essays and research articles on “Human Trafficking, Exploitation and Health” to increase awareness of the problem and to urge health and nonhealth professionals alike to engage in international and local responses to protect the health of individuals and populations affected by trafficking. The number of human trafficking cases that Polaris learns about in the U.S. increases every year. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking, Articles in PubMed by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Articles in Google Scholar by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Other articles in this journal by JOHN M. OLDHAM, MDEditor, Psychiatry’s Role in the Management of Human Trafficking Victims: An Integrated Care Approach. Yes Yes, it does occur in many faraway places, but it occurs right under our noses, in our own back yards. 1 The total number of victims is unknown, although estimates range into the millions. But human trafficking is now understood more broadly to occur in a wide array of low- or no-wage hazardous labor. Lippincott Journals Subscribers, use your username or email along with your password to log in. Please try after some time. • Human Trafficking Webliography (Panigabutra-Roberts 2009). A substantial proportion of human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. Funding: This work was supported by UKaid from the Department for International Development, grant number PO 5732. The ecological framework introduced in this paper might serve as a starting point to direct research to investigate key structural, social, and individual drivers of exploitation. e1002437. However, trafficking is not an emergent issue but is historically situated within the profession. This organisation, highlighted the effects of human trafficking. Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to lure their victims and force them into labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Within 48 hours of running away from home, it's likely that a child will be approached to participate in prostitution or some form of commercial sex exploitation.5 The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that one in six children will be victims of human trafficking.10 Trafficke… In a global study by the United Nations, identified trafficked persons originated from 106 countries. of State, The Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report is the U.S. Government’s principal diplomatic tool to engage foreign governments on human trafficking. Affiliation Human trafficking, as defined in international law, can occur for diverse exploitative purposes. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Although the literature is sparse regarding evidence-based treatment for this particular population, valuable published clinical wisdom provides much needed guidance. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. Results: A total of 33 articles on human trafficking as defined above were published in 14 social work journals between 2000 and 2011. Human trafficking has significant effects on both physical and mental health. Registered users can save articles, searches, and manage email alerts. ABSTRACT: Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often underrecognized in the United States. Initially, trafficking of women and girls for forced sex work and, to a lesser extent, domestic servitude, were the sole focus of advocacy and assistance. Yes Continuing its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the . A systematic review on health and human trafficking found that survivors experienced multiple forms of abuse, numerous sector-specific occupational hazards, and dangerous living conditions [9] and suffered a range of poor health consequences. Search in: Advanced search. Importantly, this framework conceptualizes exploitation as a potentially preventable cause of harm [41]. Men, women, and children are trafficked for various purposes, including domestic servitude, agricultural and plantation work, commercial fishing, textiles, factory labor, construction, mining, and forced sex work as well as bride trafficking and petty crime [3–5]. Notably, people can be recruited into trafficking situations multiple times over a single journey. And I find it particularly hard to do when considering victims of human trafficking. Moreover, theoretical or policy frameworks are required to look specifically at the ways that individual, group, and structural factors (including economic, social, legal, and policy-related aspects) influence exploitation and health along a migration trajectory, which can guide our search for evidence to inform interventions [28–31]. Labor intermediaries and migrant networks frequently play a key role in recruitment processes. Copyright: © 2017 Zimmerman, Kiss. 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international). Section II addresses the problem of drug trafficking and the violence it triggers. The negative health consequences of human trafficking—and labor exploitation more generally—are sufficiently prevalent and damaging that they comprise a public health problem of global magnitude. Sidebar to the article Crime Victim Awareness and Assistance Through the Decades by Stacy Lee. suggest there are 2.3 million work-attributable deaths annually, with the greater share of work-related morbidity and injuries in low-income countries, and highlight the gradual shift of hazardous labor to Asia, in particular [22]. We urgently need to know more about the health burden posed by exploitative, low-wage, and hazardous labor, and, most importantly, the associated risk factors, especially in Asia and Africa—locations where some of the most exploitative labor occurs [63]. The article “Attitudes about human trafficking: Individual differences related to belief and victim blame” takes an empirical look into how the public perceives victims of human trafficking. Providing evidence alongside expert commentary, this collection points to the range of clinical specialties and policy considerations required to address human trafficking as a global health determinant. The Hotline annually receives multiple reports of human trafficking cases in each of the 50 states and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here. Poor language skills can prevent migrant workers from understanding and negotiating employment terms and enagaging in job training, and, importantly, it can hinder their understanding of local rights and assistance resources [13, 14]. No, Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Health care policy" applicable to this article? No, Is the Subject Area "Public and occupational health" applicable to this article? As the first medical journal collection on human trafficking, exploitation, and health, the PLOS collection offers a good start towards gaining greater attention from the health sector. Labor exploitation can be seen as a health determinant and preventable social problem and benefit from public health prevention approaches that target the harm before it occurs [27]. Not so fast! Social support and job assistance schemes [51], where available, can mitigate distress migration but are sometimes perceived as inadequate to overcome financial pressures, long-term poverty, or to secure financial self-sufficiency [52]. Some labor recruiters may assist with job placement into decent work, while others might facilitate exploitation. In this introduction to the Collection on Human Trafficking, Exploitation and Health, we describe the magnitude of the problem, discuss the complex characteristics of trafficking, indicate the harm and associated health burden of trafficking, and offer a public health policy framework to guide robust responses to trafficking. This perspective incorporates forms of harm beyond physical, psychological, and occupational health problems and includes social, financial, and legal harm and further suggests that the damage from exploitation can transmit across generations. In fact, globally, there is very little research on the health of low-wage migrant workers in general, especially in low-income countries [19]. Published by the International Political Science Association. 2000- Free the Slaves, an American charity organisation of Anti-Slavery International, was launched in the United States. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. This organisation is one of the most influential movements in history. considered trafficking victims under U.S. law.3 Trafficking that involves underage persons or adults subjected to force, fraud, or coercion is a serious violation of human rights, and the growing international awareness of the problem and efforts to punish perpetrators and … Combatting trafficking in human beings is a well-established social policy and crime prevention priority for the twenty-first Century. 10.15760/mcnair.2013.79! 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