culhwch and olwen translation

The gate was opened, and Bedwyr came inside. "we will go to our food". 230 Hir Eidyl a Hir Amren 'Big Eiddyl and Big Amren'. Nothing more is known of this figure. Mabinogion has been challenged by some leading scholars to … A certain Neithon (a variant spelling of the same name) is named in HG IV, which traces one branch of the paternal ancestry of Myrfyn Frych (see p.### n.###). 'The Mound of Mourning'. The Tri Thlws ar Dec (TYP pp.240-249) mentions Pair Dyrnwch Gawr 'the Cauldron of Dyrnwch the Giant', which almost certainly corresponds to the cauldron described here. ap Mynwyedig, although no individual of this name is known anywhere else in the medieval Welsh lexicon. 148 The five sons of Erim are otherwise unknown in the Welsh tradition. Gwyn ap Nudd's appearance later on the in the text strongly hints at an archaic, pre-Christian background for this figure, who also appears in more recent folkloric records as a kind of wild-huntsman figure. 459 Gogled. Abstract:This article uses social identity theory to show that the Welsh giant Ysbaddaden Pancawr, in the story 'Culhwch ac Olwen,' is an atypical Arthurian giant because he is used as a foil for Arthur in a demonstration of proper social-identity development. They told Arthur what had happened to them. Culhwch and Olwen, trans. Call 'sharp, cunning' Kuall 'hasty, quick' Cafall 'horse' (< Lat. Another alternative is that 'iron' is being used generically here by Ysbaddaden to denote any kind of wounding weapon. This is usually thought to refer to William the Conqueror, who also appears in the Court List (see n.204 above). Eurneid the daughter of Clydno Eiddin. No company had ever come [by] without his doing harm or deadly injury to it. I have noted some of the more relevant correspondances elsewhere (Parker, 2005, p.213 ff.) 477 Gwlad Y Haf 'Land of Summer'. Gwaedan 'Shouter' appears as a personal name elsewhere in the Welsh tradition, notably as the name of regulus or petty king in the Life of St Teilo, who vioilates one of Teilo's shrines and goes mad thereafter. A gold-hilted sword was upon his thigh, the blade of which was of gold, bearing a cross of inlaid gold of the hue of the lightning of heaven: his war-horn was of ivory. 'marine' 224 y bei trychanllong arnaw lit. I, however, will be a guide to you, over to the place where he is. These appears to have been genuine historical figures, sons of Erb, a (possibly epoymous) dynast from Ergyng or Arcenfield from the early sixth century (see p.### above). In the later medieval Breudwydd Ronabwy, Osla reappears as the Saxon enemy at Badon. His association with the Coeling may or may not be retrospective. lit. Ol the son of Olwydd (seven years before he was born his father's swine were carried off, and when he grew up a man he tracked the swine, and brought them back in seven herds). Ellylw the daughter of Neol Kynn-Crog (she lived three ages). This seems to be a duplicate of a name that occurs earlier on in the list. Like Bedwin the Bishop (see below), this cleric plays no further part in the adventure. However, it should also be noted that Simon Rodway has more recently concluded that the earliest possible date that can be given for Culhwch ac Olwen is in fact the middle of the twelfth century – S. Cai's father is also named in Triad 21, but is otherwise unknown in the Welsh tradition. Anblaud's precise regional affiliations are not defined here or anywhere else in the Welsh tradition, but the cult of Illtud was an essentially South Walian phenomenon, and it is reasonable to situate Anblaud and his daughters within this same general context. 198 Llwch Llawwynnyawc. Do you know anything about Mabon son of Modron who was taken on the third night from his mother? I will give three yells in front of this door that would be no less loud40 in Pengwaed Head in Cornwall than at the bottom of Dinsol in the North, or Oerfel Ridge in Ireland. 'a fifth part of Ireland'. (Their three shields were three gleaming glitterers; their three spears were three pointed piercers; their three swords were three griding gashers; Glas, Glessic, and Gleisad. Teyrnon Twrf Lliant,165 and Tegfan Gloff,166 and Tegyr Talgellog167 and Gwrddywal son of Efrei,168 and Morgant Hael,169 and Gwystl son of [Nwython],170 and Rhun son of Nwython, and Llwydeu son of Nwython, and Gwydre son of Llwydeu, of Gwenabwy daughter of Caw his mother171 - Huail his uncle stabbed him, and because of that there was hatred between Arthur and Huail, about the injury.172, Drem son of Dremidydd,173 who could see all the way from Celli Wig in Cornwall when a fly ascended in the morning with the sun in Penn Blathaon in Pictland.174 And Eidoel son of Ner and Glwyddyn Saer who made Ehangwen, Arthur's hall.175 And Cynyr Keinfarchog176 - Cai was said to be his son. 282 See n.186 above 283 Ellylw merch Neol Kyn Croc 'Ellylw daughter of Neol Hang-Cock'. 'Might son of Strength'. 258 Clust mab Clustueinat 'Ear son of Hearer'. And then Arthur gathered all the armed men475 that there were in the three regions of Britain and its adjacent islands,476 and what there was in France and Brittany and Normany and the Summer Country,477 and what there was of prize dogs and famous horses. Cacamwri plays a prominent, if not especially dignified, role in the hunting of the Twrch Trwyth and in the cave of the Very Black Witch. The formation as a whole 'Champion Heir of Acre' is comparable to the onomastics of the Fourth Branch hero Dylan Eil Ton 'Tide Heir of Wave'. ", "Easy it is for me to get that, although you reckon it might not be easy. So the queen died. n.338 above. Facts about Mabinogion 2: challenge. Huarwar the son of Aflawn (who asked Arthur such a boon as would satisfy him. Cai said "Skillful407 is Bedwyr, but he cannot do this craft. "43, Spoke Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr:44 "However much you yell about the laws of Arthur's court, you cannot come in until I have been to talk to Arthur first. This alternation of the zoomorphic names for the promotory may have been the result of tribal geopolitical shifts in the region during the early Roman Age. maior). Both reappear later on the Cave of the Very Black Witch episode. This individual is named in the HG 10 as one of the grandsons Coel Hen. None could get a smile from him but when he was satisfied.) This may have been a subversive addition by the scribe of R, if so we have a visible instance of the way in the Arthruian court list may have accumulated and mutated, and perhaps been subject to a variety of readings over the centuries of its transmission (see pp.### above). The giant said "The work is good, I am pleased with it. 51 Or bu ar dy gam dyuuost y mwyn, dos ar dy redec allan lit. Cai grabbed a log from the wood pile, and she came to meet them, arms outstretched.318 Cai placed a stake between her arms. "17, Spoke the queen: "Woe is me that I have come to a childless [man]. By the might of men, he will not go into Cornwall while I live. Diwrnach's cauldron, therefore, was a metonym for the agricultural wealth of Ireland as a whole. 'this was where she happened [to be], a place [where]... 6 A rac ouyn y moch enghi a oruc a urenhines lit. Let that one inside, since he has a craft.". 501 gwr ny hanoed well neb ohanaw lit. And lo! subjunctive uei throughout this passage 152 rac y yskafned lit. See n.246 above for the emendation from merch to mab. Their three wives, Och, and Garym, and Diaspad. The significance of beard-pulling and barbaring in Culhwch ac Olwen has been variously discussed by Knight (1963) Radner (1988), Sheehan (2005) and Nagy (2005). 78 A Chnychwr mab Nes a Chubert m. Daere a Fercos m. Poch a Lluber Beutach a Chonul Bernach This string of names are all clearly derived from the Irish tradition, probably through a mixture of oral and manuscript transmission. Spoke the woman "This one is all that's left of the twenty-three sons of mine, killed by Ysbaddaden Bencawr. ", "Though you may get that [...] The Birds of Rhiannon:364 the ones which can wake the dead and put the living to sleep I want to entertain me that night. 149 anoethach a uei bellach no hynny lit. 128Geraint son of Erbin. He also features as the main protagonist in the 13th century Romance bearing his name. Parker, 2005, pp.460-476). They note that manawyt is also a common noun meaning an awl, a tool for scratching and boring holes in wood. And coming back from there to the Severn, [Twrch Trwyth] was then waylaid by the veteran warriors of this island, and he was driven by sheer force533 into the Severn. n.8 above) + manawyt, a variant form of Manawydan. Also the name of one of the tributaries of the River Twrch (see n.515 above). Four white trefoils would grow in her wake wherever she would go - and because of that she was called Olwen.327. 333 Defnyt uyn daw "the substance/future shape of my son-in-law". From at least as early as the thirteenth century he was identified with the Galfredian Gualguainus (Gawain of Continental Romance), though there is no obvious etymological correspondence between these two names. 320 ny oruydei ar arall uyth rodi serch im lit. The tales provide interesting examples of the transmission of Celtic, Norman, and French traditions in early romance. 347 Hyt tra y'm gatter yn byw lit. And that night Culhwch slept with Olwen. Otherwise unknown. 151 Namyn tra uei coet lit. The second part of this forumulation: gwrthychad teyrnas '[one] who looks forward to the kingdom' may have been a gloss, perhaps reflecting the older (native) nomenclature (c.f. St Davids 484 Kynnwas Kwrryfagyl. So Culhwch went to Arthur, his kinsman and his cousin To ask for aid in seeking fairest Olwen for his bride Arthur's knights they joined him: Kei, Bedwyr and Gawain With Menw the magician and Cynddylig as their guide And so they travelled onwards to the lands of Ysbaddaden Where they came upon his castle, and rode their steeds inside. Location unknown, but the context would not preclude the source of the Towy, in the mountainous forests between Powys and Ceredigion. 378 Drutwyn ceneu Greit mab Eri. 'they come'. 'The Horned'. 91 Gwarthecuras < gwartheg 'cattle' + bras 'stout, strong, fat' 92 Ewingath ='Cat Claw' 93 Gallcoit Gouynynat The first name is not a recognised Welsh personal name, and seems to be formed of the elements Gall- 'enemy' and coit 'wood'. 'White Swan dau. [There will be] feed for your dogs, corn for your horse and hot peppered-chops for yourself and wine overflowing, and delightful songs before you. Glewlwyt Mighty-Grasp appears as the truculent doorman in the opening lines Pa Gur (see p.### above), as well as in the the rhamantau of Geraint and Owain (discussed in Volume II) and in the late medieval triadic court list Pedwar Marchog ar Hugain Llys Arthur ('Twenty Four Knights of Arthur's Court') found in MS Peniarth 127 (TYP p.252-253), where Glewlwyd is listed as one of the Three Offensive Knights of Arthur's court. He will not give it freely, nor can you force him. Gwrhyr said "What man weeps from within this stone chamber? Culhwch ac Olwen. 'Old Walker' 147 Scilti Scawntroet. The name Custennin (< Constantinius) was popular with a number of British and Gaelic warlords, including Constantine of Dumnonia (fl. Cai and Bedwyr went on the shoulders of the fish. Taruedum itself looks as though it derive from the Celtic tarṵos 'bull'. 'When they supposed their being near to the caer' 301 R stretches out this apparent distortion of time and space over two more days: Ar eildyd ar trydyd dyd y kerdessant ac o vreid y doethant hyt yno 'Over a second and a third day they walked, and with difficulty did they get there'. It is possible we have a recollection of this idea in the notion of pagan figures such as Mabon and Manawydan in the ranks of Arthur's retinue, which we can see was an established notion in the archaic Pa Gur poem. Dygyflwng, and Anoeth Veidawg. Here, a daughter Eleirch is also mentioned, said to have been the mother of one of Arthur's children, suggesting that these were Arthur's in-laws rather than his paternal kinsmen (CO p.77). Contents. Those afflicted with this condition are represented as avoiding human contact and seeking refuge in the wilderness in a semi-feral state. 439 a'e wascu yn pwll hyt pan darvoed udunt y gnithiaw yn llwyr a'r kyllellbrennueu y varyf lit. In the Chronica Wallia gloss noted above, Teithi is said to have spent the rest of his days infirmus..pro timore 'sick through fear'. 451 Bromwich and Roberts (CO p.151-152) point out that the name CVLIDORI (genitval form of *Culidorix) occurs on a fifth-century inscribed stone from the Llangefni area of Anglesey. ", "Though you may get that [...] I will need to wash my hair and shave my beard. Arthur arose, and the warriors of the island of Britain with him, to seek Eiddoel. 433 Pumlumon lit. 109 Digon mab Alar lit. And they had a son through the prayers of the people. The epithet gouynynat looks like a scribal error for gouynnyat i.e. 257 Kethtrwm Offeirad 'Cethdrwm the Priest'. 'from his will' 352 Gouannon mab Don lit. One of Arthur's huntsmen, mentioned in the Court List. And complete be thy favour, and thy fame, and thy glory, throughout all this Island. Cai took a streak of whetstone from under his arm. Whether these evocative names originate from pre-Christian magico-religious thinking or playful medieval onomastics is uncertain, but the reference to Lliaws mab Nwyfre 'Multitude son of Sky' in Triad 35 suggests that the 'family' of Nwyfre at some stage become associated with the mythology of the sons of Beli Mawr (see n.79and Parker (2005) pp.272 ff. A certain Kysceint mab Banon is name-checked in line 8 of Pa Gur (see p.### above), which may be a corrupted version of this form. Eidyl = Eiddyl 'weak'. And the advice of Gwyn son of the Nud and Gwythyr son of Greiddol was to send Cacamwri and Hygwyd his brother to fight with hag. ", "You shall get it, gladly, name what you would name." Cunin Cof (the more usual form of the patronymic) has a presence in the Welsh tradition in his own right, listed as one of the grandsons of Brychan Brycheiniog (see p.### above). They came up to the outer wall of Gliui,414 where Eiddoel was imprisoned. 'Red-Eye Stallion' 158 Gwrbothu Hen. A particularly close association was implied, by mythology and prophetic verse, between Mabon and Owain Rheged. Arthur came home with the freed Mabon. See p.### below for more discussion on the fluid boundaries between the human, Christian world of the Arthurian court community against which it nominally counterposed bestial/pagan world beyond it. 379 On Cors Cant Ewin 'Swamp Hundred Claws' see n.97 above. 405 Yr hwnn a uo da genhyt it, maplei teu vei, gwnda arnaw lit. Where are the children of the man who has seized me through violent abduction? As he was being pulled up, it was pulling him [back] down into the depths. "is got" "one gets" 372 The Very Black Witch is otherwise unknown, but she bears some resemblance to some of the ogrish figures that appear in the Three Romances (e.g. ", The Stag said "When I first came here, there was nothing but one tine on either side of my head, and there was nothing of this forest but one oak sapling, and that grew into a an oak of a hundred branches, and today there is nothing of it [left] but a red stump. Its occurrence in this position may have been the result of the corruption of two different geographical triads of this kind (the more usual Welsh definition for the northernmost extremity of the island is Penryn Blaethon or Pentir Gafran, the latter corresponding to the Mull of Kintyre). 340 Dypi iti hynny lit. The tale was popularised by Lady Charlotte Guest in her translation of the Mabinogion. below). 'Until you could say that she does not exist in the world' 289 rac meint y angerd lit. Culhwch son of Cilydd son of Celiddon Wledig, from Goleuddydd daughter of Anlawd, my mother. 162 Dyuynwal Moel 'Dyfynwal the Bald'. 392 In Culhwch ac Olwen, as in the Welsh tradition more generally, Gwyn seems to represent the faery otherworld in its more sinister, pagan aspect. 12 Athro lit. Arthur sent his men to hunt: Eli and Trachmyr,488 and Drudwyn the whelp of Graid son of Eri in his own hand, with Gwarthegydd son of Caw489 [at] the other wing with the two dogs of Glythfyr Ledewig in his hand, and Bedwyr with Cafall in his hand. Strathclyde). subjunctive < gorbot 454 Mwyngddwn. ", "Though you may get that [...] There is no horse that would work for Gwyn in hunting Twrch Trwyth except The Black One, horse of Moro Oerfeddog. 'the getting ground from him for his part, and his feet'. 29 Yr hwn a vei o'r parth asseu a uydei o'r parth deheu, a'r hwnn a vei o'r parth deheu a uydei o'r parth asseu lit. Their cults are known throughout Britain and the Gallo-Roman world, with one particularly important centre in the western area of Hadrian's Wall region, where a number of dedications have been found suggesting a cult that drew a following from the higher-ranking military officials in the frontier garrison, who seem to have addressed him as Apollo Maponus, equating the British diety with the Roman sun god through a process of interpreta romana. 'Heel and Sole Heel and Sole Bonfire'. Eneit dros eneit is a Welsh idiom which can be translated variously 'life for life', 'life-or-death' or 'a fight to the death'. 139 Yscawin mab Panon. ", The Eagle said "I came here a long time past, and when I first came here I had a stone, and from its top I would peck the stars every evening. The decision of their council was to send out a band, episode involving the love-triangle with Creidyladd and Gwythyr, he reappears during the hunting of Twrch Trwyth, the previously discussed Anwas Edein[i]awg, in the episode in which Eiddoel son of Aer was freed, Rheiddwn son of Beli who is mentioned shortly after, their association with the Bannog oxen referenced in the, the exotic 'otherworlds' listed by Glewlwyd in his preamble to Arthur above, killed during an engagement with the Twrch Trwyth, the introductory greetings exchanged by Culhwch and Arthur above, similar passage that occurs at the end of the Court List, the climax of the hunting of the Twrch Trwyth, God placed "the demons of Annwfn" within Gwyn "lest they destroy the world. 201 Ardyrchawc Prydein. And then they devoured the heads of the vermin through hunger, as if they had never eaten anything. And [in] they went. There is no-one in the world who doesn't know who owns the caer. The epithet is derived from mawr 'great' + [p]ryd 'mind, spirit' + ig (adjectival suffix), i.e. Clust the son of Clustveinad (though he were buried seven cubits beneath the earth, he would hear the ant fifty miles off rise from her nest in the morning). And Sandde Pryd Angel142 - no man laid a spear upon him at Camlan, because of his beauty everyone thought he was an angel fighting alongside them.143 And Saint Cynwyl,144 one of the three men who escaped from Camlan, he was the last to be parted from Arthur on Hengroen his horse. Again, nothing more is known about this figure who does not appear again in Culhwch ac Olwen or anywhere else in the Welsh tradition. Allt Clud or the Rock of Clyde is the traditional name of the Brythonic territory more usually (if anachronistically) known as Strathclyde (see p.### etc.). 'Nodawl Boar-Beard'. Arthur is apparently implying that Cai would not have beaten Dillus in a fair fight. The words spoken by a different hag to a different queen, but the circumstances are otherwise identical. 'Famous of Britain'. Unig Glew Ysgwydd, Bendigeidfran's messenger in the Second Branch). She came into the house, and sat between Culhwch and the high-seat. Romanus OW Rumaun) is the name of one of Cunedda's sons, after whom the sub-kingdom (later cantref) of Rhufoniog was named. And a boy was begotten to them through the prayers of the country. This figure is presumable identical with the Rheiddwn son of Eli who makes a brief appearance during the hunting of the Troit boar. 356 Nynhyaw a Pheibiaw. Arthur went over to the house of Tringad in Aber Cledyf, and asked him about it. Then he stood at bay, and then he killed Echel Forddwyt Twll,520 and Arwyli Eil Gwyddog Gwyr,521 and many men and dogs besides. ", "Let the porter go outside, and I will tell [you] about his tokens. The meaning of the epithet is obscure, and R.'s reading Keudawt 'thought, mind, heart' is perhaps to be preferred. ", "Though you may get that [...] Twrch Trwyth will not be hunted until you get390 Gwyn son of Nudd,391 in whom God put the fury of the demons of Annwfn, lest the world be destroyed.392 He cannot be spared from that. 'Measure of the Cauldron'. 116 Sel mab Selgi. Sims-Williams (1991, p.40), suggests the epithet may contain the Old Welsh dubr 'water', and compares it with the Irish fordoboradae 'underwater, aquatic'. 485 Deu Gleddyf see n.430 above. What form is she [in]? The name of this character has a Northumbrian ring, with its distinctive Os- praenominal element. And they land at the house of Llwydeu son of Cel Coed473 in Dyfed, and Mesur-Y-Pair is there.474. The later may be identical with the Uuid from the Pictish king-lists. And he got nothing, however, apart from one of his bristles. 135 Nodawl Uaryf Twrch lit. No-one is allowed in there except those who bring their craft. ", Spoke they "Do not shoot at us. Whiter her palms and fingers than the glistening catkins among the fine gravel of a welling spring. This character appears later on in the text, during the seizure of Diwrnach's cauldron. 270 Gwen Alarch m. Kynwal Canhwch lit. After this the boy's mother, Goleuddydd, the daughter of Prince Anlawdd, fell sick. 438 onyt yn byw t tynnir a chyllellprenneu o'e uaryf lit. As Bromwich and Evans note (CO p.74) this name 'defies interpretation'. I have a daughter who would suit any nobleman in the world. Her father, Llud Llaw Ereint 'Llud Silver Hand' is probably identical with the Llud son of Beli, a mythological king of Britain, about a whom a short triadic tale survives in the White and Red Books (a variant of which was also known to Geoffrey of Monmouth). 'between your two knees' 39 A dothyw hediw yma lit. ", Spoke Gwrhyr Gwalstawd Ieithoedd "Is there a porter? Raise up the forks so I can get a look at what my son-in-law is made of!". 'need for need' 534 y rwyng Llynn Lliwan ac Aber Gwy 'between Llynn Lliwan and Aber Gwy'. He called Gwalchmai the son of Gwyar, because he never returned home without achieving the adventure of which he went in quest. This Nuadu is equivilant to the Romano-British Nodens, whose temple at Lydney seems to have been a significant centre in the Forest of Dean area during the fourth century AD. 309 "Pieu y deueit a getwy di, neu pieu y gaer?" Do not seek harm and hurt and martyrdom as what is to be upon you, and more than that if you wish. It is perhaps significant that some Continental Romances represent three Esyllts - Esyllt's mother (wife of the Irish king) was said to have borne the same name, as did Esyllt daughter of King Heol of Brittany whom Trystan eventually married following his exile by King Mark of Cornwall. Otherwise unknown. If you do not, I will bring infamy to your lord and ill-repute to yourself. Patrick Ford (1977, p.127) and Sionedd Davies (MAB-D p.185) both translate this as 'attendant demon'. Drem son of Dremidiydd, Sugn son of Sugnedydd etc.) "I have been [formerly]". He may have been a local folk hero or blason populaire for certain populations within the Dyfed region. "378, "Though you may get that [...] There is no leash in the world that can hold him, except the leash of Cors Cant Ewin. He will not give them willingly, nor can you force him. He is probably identical with the Gwythelyn Gorr implicated as the author of one of the Three Great Enchantments of the Island of the Britain (TYP p.403 etc.). Eneuawc the daughter of Bedwyr. And never has anyone been as imprisoned in an imprisonment as mournful as mine:425 neither the imprisonment of Llud Llaw Ereint, nor the imprisonment of Graid son of Eri. 42 Yssyd o wreic ueichawc yn y llys hon lit. You would do wrong, however, to injure your boy.11 So I ask you this: [that] you do not wish for a wife until you see a two-headed briar on my grave.". 382 a digonho kynydyaeth ar y ki hwnnw lit. Arthur heard about that, and came up to the North, and summoned452 Gwyn son of Nudd to him and set free the noblemen of his that were in his captivity, and made peace between Gwyn son of Nudd and Gwythyr son of Greidol. The story is included in the misnamed collection of tales known by most as the Mabinogion. As with Dyfnwal Moel, and the sons of Nwython listed below, these names appear to derive from a Central Belt context, and might even represent part of the core of the retinue of the original Northern Arthur. These other members of Erbin's dynasty are largely unknown to other Welsh sources, although the distinctive Cyndrwyn has been identified with the Powysian dynast of that name (see p.### above). The name could be translated as "The Tall Tunic'ed One". ", "Greeting unto thee also," said Arthur; "sit thou between two of my warriors, and thou shalt have minstrels before thee, and thou shalt enjoy the privileges of a king born to a throne, as long as thou remainest here. ... Waldo Williams’s own translation. 'If it was on your step that you came inside, go on your run outside' 52 Hyt pan uo gorhanned bwyt a llyn idaw lit. Neither of these sons of Arthur's most famous retainers are known elsewhere, although Amren son of Bedwyr may be identical with the Hir Amren who is mentioned later on in the list, and who plays a part in the Cave of the Very Black Witch incident. (On the 'timelessness' of this Arthurian Court List, see p.### below). For a full discussion of this monstrous boar see pp.### above. 'I (for my part) am not hiding him'. 65 Carnwenhan < carn 'haft, handle' + (g)wen 'white, pale' + -an (diminuative suffix), i.e. He, moreover, was the mightiest of those who had ever rejected Arthur.437, "I do," said Cai "that is Dillus Farchog. The precise identity of this individual is uncertain. 516 Gwys lit. ", Spoke the woman "What entreaty are you bringing here?" First of a number of such 'substantive' figures that occur in this section of the listing. The significance of his epithet (dall + pen = 'blindhead') is uncertain, but may be related to the traditional Celtic association between blindness and mantic power. William the Conqueror) from quite different eras, as well as showing fore-knowledge of future betrayals, such as that alluded to here. He was no worse a guide in a country he had never seen before than in his own country. The name Tringad itself is known from an inscription in the Carmarthenshire area, as we have seen (see n.430). ", "If I knew it, I would tell it. Bwlch, and Kyfwlch, and Sefwlch, the sons of Cleddyf Kyfwlch, the grandsons of Cleddyf Difwlch. See n.246 above for the emendation from merch to mab.

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